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Nanak & The Origins of SikhismNanak is credited as the founder of Sikhism. He grew up in a Hindu family and was a working father of two. After experiencing God directly, Nanak realized that the Hindus & Muslims worshipped the same God and that a distinction between the two exsisting religions was mistaken. Immediately following this experience, Nanak began preaching and seeking out Sikhs, or disciples. |
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Nanak rejected Hindu views such as the love of ritual and polytheism. Nanak views God as the primary guru who can be approached personally by individuals because of his admirable qualities. He argued that true religion has a strong social responsibility. He chastised Hindus and Muslims for not being involved with the poor and the oppressed. He then proceeded to create a religious group, known as the Sangats, who were called to lead worship and assist those in needs.
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The Development of Sikhism
Originally, Sikhism wasn't classified as a religious movement but more of a movement that sought to coexist with other religions harmoniously. Eventually it evolved into a more formalized religion by adopting a militant, self protective stance toward the world. It also established a sacred book, a sacred city, and clearly defined religious practices. The early stages of Sikhism were influenced by the first four gurus: Nanak, Angad, Amar Das and Ram Das. During this stage hymns were recorded, communities were organized, and a village headquarters was established. In the following stage of consolidation and religious definition Guru Arjan constructed the Golden Temple and created the Adi Granth, sacred book of Sikhs. Arjan's son steered Sikhism in a more self-defensive direction, successfully averting persecution. After the decapitation of the ninth guru, the tenth guru steered the religion in more of a militant direction. Following the death of this Guru Sikhism was officially considered a religion.
Sikh Scripture
The Adi Granth is divided into three parts. The first part, the Japji, consists of a long poem by Nanak that summarizes the religion. It highlights the indescribability of God and the joy of union with him. The book opens with these words: "There is only one God whose name is true, the Creator, devoid of of fear and enmity, immortal, unborn, self-existent." The second part is comprised of thirty-nine rags by Gurn Nanak and later gurus. The third and final part is a collection of poems and hymns from Hindu, Muslim and Sikh gurus and saints. The Adi Granth is said to contain the living spirit of Nanak and his successors and is therefore treated with the utmost reverence. At the the Golden temple it is handled with gloves and read and recited daily.
Modern Day Sikhism
Sikhs were employed by the British as soldiers because of their extensive military project. After the British abandoned the Indian subcontinent, the Sikhs experienced a difficult dislocation. To prevent conflict with the Muslims, the Sikhs relocated to northwestern India where today they hope to create an independent state. There is a history of tension between the Sikhs and the Indian government, which resulted in the assassination of a former prime minister. In the past few years, the Sikhs have immigrated to countries widely outside of India and have established prayer centers and social meeting places.